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| Announcers in radio and
television perform a variety of tasks on and off the air. They announce
station program |
| information, such as
program schedules and station breaks for commercials, or public service
information, and they |
| introduce and close
programs. Announcers read prepared scripts or ad-lib commentary on the
air, as they present |
| news, sports, weather,
time, and commercials. If a written script is required, they may do the
research and |
| writing. Announcers
also interview guests and moderate panels or discussions. Some provide
commentary for the |
| audience during
sporting events, at parades, and on other occasions. Announcers often are
well known to radio and |
| television audiences
and may make promotional appearances and remote broadcasts for their
stations. |
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| Broadcast technicians
set up, operate, and maintain equipment that regulates the |
| signal strength,
clarity, and range of sounds and colors of radio or television broadcasts.
They also operate |
| control panels to
select the source of the material. Technicians may switch from one camera
or studio to another, |
| from film to live
programming, or from network to local programming. |
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| Camera operators use
television, video, or motion picture cameras to shoot a wide range of
material, including |
| television series,
studio programs, news and sporting events, music videos, motion pictures,
documentaries, and |
| training sessions. Some
camera operators film or videotape private ceremonies and special events.
Those who record |
| images on videotape are
often called videographers. Many are employed by independent television
stations, local |
| affiliates, large cable
and television networks, or smaller, independent production
companies. |
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| Film and video editors
edit soundtracks, film, and video for the motion picture, |
| cable, and broadcast
television industries. |
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| Broadcast and sound
engineering technicians and radio operators perform a variety of duties in
small stations. In |
| large stations and at
the networks, technicians are more specialized, although job assignments
may change from day |
| to day. The terms
ôoperator,ö ôengineer,ö and ôtechnicianö often are used interchangeably to
describe these jobs. |
| Workers in these
positions may monitor and log outgoing signals and operate transmitters;
set up, adjust, service, |
| and repair electronic
broadcasting equipment; and regulate fidelity, brightness, contrast,
volume, and sound |
| quality of television
broadcasts. |
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| Bindery Machine
Operators and Tenders operate or tend binding machines that round, back,
case, line stitch, press, |
| fold, trim, or perform
other binding operations on books and related articles. |
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| Bindery Machine Setters
and Set-Up Operators set up or set up and operate machines that perform
some or all of the |
| following functions in
order to produce books, magazines, pamphlets, catalogs, and other printed
materials: |
| gathering, folding,
cutting, stitching, rounding and backing, supering, casing-in, lining,
pressing, and trimming. |
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| Bindery Workers set up
or operate binding machines that produce books and other printed
materials. Include hand |
| bindery workers.
Excludes Bookbinders. |
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| Bookbinders perform
highly skilled hand finishing operations, such as grooving and lettering
to bind books. |
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| Camera Operators
operate process camera and related darkroom equipment to photograph and
develop negatives of |
| material to be
printed. |
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| Hand Compositors and
Typesetters set up and arrange type by hand. Assemble and lock setup of
type, cuts, and |
| headings. Pull
proofs. |
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| Job Printers set type
according to copy; operate press to print job order; and read proof for
errors and clarity of |
| impression, and correct
imperfections. Job printers are often found in small establishments where
work combines |
| several job
skills. |
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| Letterpress Setters and
Set-Up Operators set up or set up and operate direct relief letterpresses,
either sheet or |
| roll (web) fed, to
produce single or multicolor printed material, such as newspapers, books,
and periodicals. |
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| Photoengravers
photograph copy, develop negatives, and prepare photosensitized metal
plates for use in letterpress |
| and gravure
printing. |
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| Photographic Process
Workers perform precision work involved in photographic processing, such
as editing |
| photographic negatives
and prints, using photo-mechanical, chemical, or computerized methods.
This consolidated |
| benchmark includes
Photographic Retouchers and Restorers, Photographic Reproduction
Technicians, Photographic |
| Hand Developers and
Film Laboratory Technicians. |
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| Photographic Processing
Machine Operators operate photographic processing machines, such as
photographic printing |
| machines, film
developing machines, and mounting presses. |
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| Platemakers produce
printing plates by exposing sensitized metal sheets to special light
through a photographic |
| negative. May operate
machines that process plates automatically. |
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| Prepress Technicians
and Workers set up and prepare material for printing presses. Include
prepress functions, such |
| as compositing,
typesetting, layout, paste-up, camera operating, scanning, film stripping,
and photoengraving. |
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| Printing Press Machine
Operators and Tenders operate or tend various types of printing machines,
such as offset |
| lithographic presses,
letter or letterset presses, flexographic or gravure presses, to produce
print on paper or |
| other materials such as
plastic, cloth, or rubber. |
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| Scanner Operatorso
operate electronic or computerized scanning equipment to produce and
screen film separations of |
| photographs or art for
use in producing lithographic printing plates. Evaluate and correct for
deficiencies in the |
| film. |
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| Strippers cut and
arrange film into flats (layout sheets resembling a film negative of text
in its final form) |
| which are used to make
plates. Prepare separate flat for each color. |
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| Typesetting and
Composing Machine Operators and Tenders operate or tend typesetting and
composing equipment, such |
| as phototypesetters,
linotype or monotype keyboard machines, photocomposers, linocasters, and
photoletterers. |
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| Using computer
software, desktop publishers format and combine text, numerical data,
photographs, charts, and other |
| visual graphic elements
to produce publication-ready material. Depending on the nature of a
particular project, |
| desktop publishers may
write and edit text, create graphics to accompany text, convert
photographs and drawings |
| into digital images and
then manipulate those images, design page layouts, create proposals,
develop presentations |
| and advertising
campaigns, typeset and do color separation, and translate electronic
information onto film or other |
| traditional forms.
Materials produced by desktop publishers include books, business cards,
calendars, magazines, |
| newsletters and
newspapers, packaging, slides, and tickets. As companies have brought the
production of marketing, |
| promotional, and other
kinds of materials in-house, they increasingly have employed people who
can produce such |
| materials. |
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| Editors review,
rewrite, and edit the work of writers. They may also do
original |
| writing. An editorÆs
responsibilities vary with the employer and type and level of editorial
position held. |
| Editorial duties may
include planning the content of books, technical journals, trade
magazines, and other |
| general-interest
publications. Editors also decide what material will appeal to readers,
review and edit drafts of |
| books and articles,
offer comments to improve the work, and suggest possible
titles. |
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| News analysts examine,
interpret, and broadcast news received from various sources. They also are
called |
| newscasters or news
anchors. News anchors present news stories and introduce videotaped news
or live transmissions |
| from on-the-scene
reporters. Some newscasters at large stations and networks specialize in a
particular type of |
| news, such as sports or
weather. reporters investigate leads and news tips, look at documents,
observe events at |
| the scene, and
interview people. Reporters take notes and also may take photographs or
shoot videos. News |
| correspondents report
on news occurring in the large U.S. and foreign cities where they are
stationed. Reporters on |
| small publications
cover all aspects of the news |
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| Proofreaders and Copy
Markers read transcript or proof type setup to detect and mark for
correction any |
| grammatical,
typographical, or compositional errors. Exclude workers whose primary duty
is editing copy. Include |
| proofreaders of
Braille. |
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| Public relations
specialists handle organizational functions such as media, community,
consumer, industry, and |
| governmental relations;
political campaigns; interest-group representation; conflict mediation; or
employee and |
| investor relations.
They help an organization and its public adapt mutually to each other.
However, public |
| relations are not only
about telling the organizationÆs story. Understanding the attitudes and
concerns of |
| consumers, employees,
and various other groups also is a vital part of the job. To improve
communication, public |
| relations specialists
establish and maintain cooperative relationships with representatives of
community, consumer, |
| employee, and public
interest groups, and with representatives from print and broadcast
journalism. |
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| Technical writers put
technical information into easily understandable language. |
| They prepare operating
and maintenance manuals, catalogs, parts lists, assembly instructions,
sales promotion |
| materials, and project
proposals. Many technical writers work with engineers on technical subject
matters to |
| prepare written
interpretations of engineering and design specifications and other
information for a general |
| readership. They plan
and edit technical materials and oversee the preparation of illustrations,
photographs, |
| diagrams, and
charts. |
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| Writers and
authors develop original fiction and nonfiction for books,
magazines, trade journals, online |
| publications,
company newsletters, radio and television broadcasts, motion
pictures, and advertisements. |
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