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| As an entry-level
accountant, Accountant I learns to apply the principles, theories, and
concepts of accounting to |
| a specific system. The
position is distinguishable from nonprofessional positions by the variety
of assignments; |
| rate and scope of
development expected; and the existence, implicit or explicit, of a
planned training program |
| designed to give the
entering accountant practical experience. |
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| Entry-level accountant,
applies principles, theories, and concepts of accounting |
| to a specific system.
The position is distinguishable from nonprofessional positions by the
variety of |
| assignments. Performs a
variety of accounting tasks such as: examining a variety of financial
statements for |
| completeness, internal
accuracy, and conformance with uniform accounting
classifications. |
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| At this level, the
Accountant II makes practical application of technical accounting
practices and concepts beyond |
| the mere application of
detailed rules and instructions. Initial assignments are designed to
expand practical |
| experience and to
develop professional judgment in the application of basic accounting
techniques to simple |
| problems. Is expected
to be competent in the application of standard procedures and requirements
to routine |
| transactions, to raise
questions about unusual or questionable items, and to suggest solutions.
Direction |
| received. Work is
reviewed to verify general accuracy and coverage of unusual problems, and
to insure conformance |
| with required
procedures and special instructions. |
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| At this level, the
accountant makes practical application of technical accounting practices
and concepts beyond the |
| mere application of
detailed rules and instructions. Initial assignments are designed to
expand practical xperience |
| and to develop
professional judgment in the application of basic accounting techniques to
simple problems. Is |
| expected to be
competent in the application of standard procedures and requirements to
routine transactions, to |
| raise questions about
unusual or questionable items, and to suggest solutions. Work is reviewed
to verify general |
| accuracy and coverage
of unusual problems, and to insure conformance with required procedures
and special |
| instructions. |
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| The Accountant III
applies well established accounting principles, theories, concepts, and
practices to moderately |
| difficult problems.
Receives detailed instructions concerning the overall accounting system
and its objectives, the |
| policies and procedures
under which it is operated, and the nature of changes in the system or its
operation. |
| Characteristically, the
accounting system or assigned segment is stable and well established
(i.e., the basic chart |
| of accounts,
classifications, the nature of the cost accounting system, the report
requirements, and the procedures |
| are changed
infrequently). |
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| The Accountant IV
applies well-established accounting principles, theories, concepts, and
practices to a wide |
| variety of difficult
problems. Receives instructions concerning the objectives and operation of
the overall |
| accounting system.
Compared with level 3, the accounting system or assigned segment is more
complex, i.e., (a) is |
| relatively unstable,
(b) must adjust to new or changing operational environments, (c) is
substantially larger or(d) |
| is complicated by the
need to provide and coordinate separate or specialized accounting
treatment and reporting |
| (e.g., cost accounting
using standard cost, process cost, and job order techniques) for different
internal |
| operations or
divisions. |
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| Accountants and
auditors help to ensure that organizations are run efficiently, its public
records kept accurately, |
| and its taxes paid
properly and on time. They perform these vital functions by offering an
increasingly wide array |
| of business and
accounting services to their clients. These services include public,
management, and government |
| accounting, as well as
internal auditing. Beyond fundamental tasks of the occupation preparing,
analyzing, and |
| verifying financial
documents many accountants now are required to possess a wide range of
knowledge and skills. |
| Accountants and
auditors are broadening the services they offer to include budget
analysis, financial and |
| investment planning,
information technology consulting, and limited legal
services. |
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| Accountants analyze
financial information and prepare financial reports to determine or
maintain record of assets, |
| liabilities, profit and
loss, tax liability, or other financial activities within an
organization. |
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| Billing and rate
clerks, commonly called billing clerks, compile records of charges for
services rendered or goods |
| sold, calculate and
record the amounts of these services and goods, and prepare invoices to be
mailed to customers. |
| Billing and rate clerks
review purchase orders, sales tickets, hospital records, or charge slips
to calculate the |
| total amount due from a
customer. They must take into account any applicable discounts, special
rates, or credit |
| terms. A billing clerk
for a trucking company often needs to consult a rate book to determine
shipping costs of |
| machine parts, for
example. A hospitalĘs billing clerk may need to contact an insurance
company to determine what |
| items will be
reimbursed and for how much. In accounting, law, consulting, and similar
firms, billing clerks |
| calculate client fees
based on the actual time required to perform the task. |
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| Timekeeping clerks
distribute and collect timecards each pay period. These workers review
employee work charts, |
| timesheets, and
timecards to ensure that information is properly recorded and that records
have the signatures of |
| authorizing officials.
In companies that bill for the time spent by staff, such as law or
accounting firms, |
| timekeeping clerks make
sure that the hours recorded are charged to the correct job so that
clients can be properly |
| billed. Payroll clerks,
also called payroll technicians, screen timecards for calculating, coding,
or other errors. |
| They compute pay by
subtracting allotments, including Federal and State taxes and
contributions to retirement, |
| insurance, and savings
plans, from gross earnings. Increasingly, computers are performing these
calculations and |
| alerting payroll clerks
to problems or errors in the data. In small organizations or for new
employees whose |
| records are not yet
entered into a computer system, clerks may perform the necessary
calculations manually. |
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| Adjustment Clerks
investigate and resolve customers' inquiries concerning merchandise,
service, billing, or credit |
| rating. Examine
pertinent information to determine accuracy of customers' complaints and
responsibility for errors. |
| Notify customers and
appropriate personnel of findings, adjustments, and recommendations, such
as exchange of |
| merchandise, refund of
money, credit to customers' accounts, or adjustment to customers'
bills. |
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| New Accounts Clerks
interview persons desiring to open bank accounts. Explain banking services
available to |
| prospective customers
and assist them in preparing application form. |
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| Tellers make up
approximately one-fourth of bank employees and conduct most of
a |
| bankĘs routine
transactions. Among the responsibilities of tellers are cashing checks,
accepting deposits and loan |
| payments, and
processing withdrawals. They also may sell savings bonds, accept payment
for customersĘ utility bills |
| and charge cards,
process necessary paperwork for certificates of deposit, and sell
travelersĘ checks. Some tellers |
| specialize in handling
foreign currencies or commercial or business accounts. |
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| Director, Client
Relations-Investment Banking manges the Client Relations Group for the
Investment Banking |
| function. This involves
close and regular interaction with all members of the Relationship
Management Team, |
| Accountants, Clients
and various external business contacts (including banks, investment
houses, traders, brokers |
| and property
managers/estate agents). Total confidentiality and discretion at all times
are essential within the |
| role. Oversees Liaison
with external clients via telephone, email and mail. |
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| Manger, Client
Relations -Business Banking manages current business banking relationships
and seeks new accounts. |
| They are responsible
for a portfolio of large businesses. Familiar with standard concepts,
practices, and |
| procedures within a
particular field. Relies on experience and judgment to plan and accomplish
goals. |
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| Manager, Client
Relations-Investment Banking involves close and regular interaction with
all members of the |
| Investment Banking
Relationship Management Team, Accountants, Clients and various external
business contacts |
| (including banks,
investment houses,traders, brokers and property managers/estate agents).
Primarily responsible |
| for the more routine of
handling client relations for the Investment Banking group. Total
confidentiality and |
| discretion at all times
are essential within the role. The Manager, Client Relations-Investment
Banking Provides |
| liaison with external
clients via telephone, email and mail and dealing with general queries and
making informed |
| decisions as to which
queries can be dealt with and which need to be referred upwards to the
relevant Senior |
| Manager or Director,
Client Relations-Investment Banking. |
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| Manager, Client
Relations-Small Business provides financial services to small business
customers in order to |
| increase client
satisfaction and portfolio growth. Demonstrates full knowledge of the
bank's rules and procedures. |
| Identifies
opportunities to sell other business to enhance customer relationships and
boost revenue. May require |
| NASD series 6 and 63
licenses. |
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| Senior Manger, Client
Relations -Business Banking manages larger and more comples business
banking relationships |
| and actively seeks new
accounts. Responsible for a portfolio of large and complex businesses.
Requires extensive |
| knowledge of standard
concepts, practices, and procedures within a particular field. Relies on
extensive experience |
| and judgment to plan
and accomplish goals |
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| Senior Manager, Client
Relations-Investment Banking involves close and regular interaction with
all members of the |
| Investment Banking
Relationship Management Team, Accountants, Clients and various external
business contacts |
| (including banks,
investment houses, traders, brokers and property managers/estate agents).
Primarily responsible |
| for the more complex
and difficult aspects of handling client relations for the Investment
Banking group. Total |
| confidentiality and
discretion at all times are essential within the role. Liaison with
external clients via |
| telephone, email and
mail and dealing with general queries and making informed decisions as to
which queries can be |
| dealt with and which
need to be referred upwards to the relevant Director, Client
Relations-Investment Banking. |
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| Senior Manager, Client
Relations-Small Business provides financial services to small business
customers in more |
| complex environments in
order to increase client satisfaction and portfolio growth. Demonstrates
extensive |
| knowledge of the bank's
rules and procedures. Identifies opportunities to sell other business to
enhance customer |
| relationships and boost
revenue. May require NASD series 6 and 63 licenses. |
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| Budget Analyst I - as a
trainee, performs a variety of clearly-defined tasks assigned to increase
knowledge of and |
| understanding of budget
concepts, principles, practices, and procedures. Assists in the
development of budgets by |
| comparing projected
costs to prior year expenditures verifying totals and subtotal, preparing
budget forms and |
| schedules; or assists
in budget administration by examining and highlighting obvious deviations
in reports listing |
| the status of financial
obligations and expenditures. (Terminal positions are excluded.) Work is
performed under |
| close supervision.
Assignments are clearly defined, methods are specified, and items to be
noted and referred to |
| supervisor are
identified. |
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| Budget Analyst II
performs routine and recurring budget analysis duties which typically
facilitate more complex |
| review and analysis
performed by supervisors or higher-level budget analysts. Initial
assignments are designed to |
| expand practical
experience and to develop judgment in applying basic budget analysis
techniques. Follows specific |
| guidelines and previous
budget reports in analyzing budgets for operating programs which are
uniform and |
| repetitive. |
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| Budget Analyst III Uses
a knowledge of commonly used budgetary procedures and practices,
regulations, and |
| organizational policies
to analyze budgets for relatively stable operations (for example, minor
budget |
| reprogramming is
required two or three times a year). Forecasts funding needs for operating
programs with varying |
| annual requirements for
goods, services, equipment, and personnel. |
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| Budget Analyst IV
provides analytical support for budgets which require annual modifications
due to changing work |
| processes, resource
needs, funding requirements, or fluctuating revenue. Interprets guidelines
and precedents and |
| advises operating
managers concerning budgeting policies. May recommend new budgeting
techniques. |
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| Budget Analysts examine
budget estimates for completeness, accuracy, and conformance with
procedures and |
| regulations. Analyze
budgeting and accounting reports for the purpose of maintaining
expenditure controls. Budget |
| Analysts examine the
budget estimates or proposals for completeness, accuracy, and conformance
with established |
| procedures,
regulations, and organizational objectives. Sometimes, they employ
cost-benefit analysis to review |
| financial requests,
assess program tradeoffs, and explore alternative funding
methods. |
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| Wholesale and Retail
Buyers (Except Farm Products), buy merchandise or commodities, other than
farm products, for |
| resale to consumers at
the wholesale or retail level, including both durable and nondurable
goods. Analyze past |
| buying trends, sales
records, price, and quality of merchandise to determine value and yield.
Select, order, and |
| authorize payment for
merchandise according to contractual agreements. May conduct meetings with
sales personnel |
| and introduce new
products. Include assistant buyers. |
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| Performs very simple
and routine accounting clerical operations, for example, recognizing and
comparing easily |
| identified numbers and
codes on similar and repetitive accounting documents, verifying
mathematical accuracy, and |
| identifying
discrepancies and bringing them to the supervisor's attention. Supervisor
gives clear and detailed |
| instructions for
specific assignments. Employee refers to supervisor all matters not
covered by instructions. Work |
| is closely controlled
and reviewed in detail for accuracy, adequacy, and adherence to
instructions. |
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| Performs one or more
routine accounting clerical operations, such as: examining, |
| verifying, and
correcting accounting transactions to ensure completeness and accuracy of
data and proper |
| identification of
accounts, and checking that expenditures will not exceed obligations in
specified accounts; |
| totaling, balancing,
and reconciling collection vouchers; posting data to transaction sheets
where employee |
| identifies proper
accounts and items to be posted; and coding documents in accordance with a
chart (listing) of |
| accounts. Employee
follows specific and detailed accounting procedures. Completed work is
reviewed for accuracy and |
| compliance with
procedures. |
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| Uses a knowledge of
double entry bookkeeping in performing one or more of the following: posts
actions to journals, |
| identifying subsidiary
accounts affected and debit and credit entries to be made and assigning
proper codes; |
| reviews computer
printouts against manually maintained journals, detecting and correcting
erroneous postings, and |
| preparing documents to
adjust accounting classifications and other data; or reviews lists of
transactions rejected |
| by an automated system,
determining reasons for rejections, and preparing necessary correcting
material. On routine |
| assignments, employee
selects and applies established procedures and techniques. Detailed
instructions are provided |
| for difficult or
unusual assignments. Completed work and methods used are reviewed for
technical accuracy. |
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| Maintains journals or
subsidiary ledgers of an accounting system and balances and reconciles
accounts. Typical |
| duties include one or
both of the following: reviews invoices and statements (verifying
information, ensuring |
| sufficient funds have
been obligated, and if questionable, resolving with the submitting unit,
determining accounts |
| involved, coding
transactions, and processing material through data processing for
application in the accounting |
| system); and/or
analyzes and reconciles computer printouts with operating unit reports
(contacting units and |
| researching causes of
discrepancies, and taking action to ensure that accounts balance).
Employee resolves problems |
| in recurring
assignments in accordance with previous training and experience.
Supervisor provides suggestions for |
| handling unusual or
nonrecurring transactions. Conformance with requirements and technical
soundness of completed |
| work are reviewed by
the supervisor or are controlled by mechanisms built into the accounting
system. |
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| Update and maintain one
or more accounting records, including those which tabulate expenditures,
receipts, accounts |
| payable and receivable,
and profit and loss. Demonstrate wide range of skills and knowledge from
full-charge |
| bookkeepers who can
maintain an entire company?s books to accounting clerks who handle
specific accounts. |
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| Bill and Account
Collectors locate and notify customers of delinquent accounts by mail,
telephone, or personal |
| visit to solicit
payment. Duties include receiving payment and posting amount to customer's
account; preparing |
| statements to credit
department if customer fails to respond; initiating repossession
proceedings or service |
| disconnection; keeping
records of collection and status of accounts. Bill and Account Collectors
are subject to |
| strict federal and
state guidelines regarding condut of tasks and duties including respectful
and legal treatment |
| of
debtors. |
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| Update and maintain one
or more accounting records, including those which tabulate expenditures,
receipts, accounts |
| payable and receivable,
and profit and loss. Demonstrate wide range of skills and knowledge and
may act as |
| full-charge bookkeepers
who maintain an complete financial books. May act as lead over other
accounting clerks. In |
| large offices and
accounting departments, accounting clerks have more specialized tasks.
Their titles often reflect |
| the type of accounting
they do, such as accounts payable clerk or accounts receivable
clerk. |
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| Update and maintain one
or more accounting records, including those which tabulate expenditures,
receipts, accounts |
| payable and receivable,
and profit and loss. Demonstrates routine set of skills and knowledge from
bookkeepers who |
| can maintain an full
set of organization financial records and may assist accounting clerks who
handle specific |
| accounts. |
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| Update and maintain one
or more accounting records, including those which tabulate expenditures,
receipts, accounts |
| payable and receivable,
and profit and loss. Demonstrate wide range of skills and knowledge from
full-charge |
| bookkeepers who can
maintain an entire company?s books to accounting clerks who handle
specific accounts. In large |
| offices and accounting
departments, accounting clerks have more specialized tasks. Their titles
often reflect the |
| type of accounting they
do, such as accounts payable clerk or accounts receivable
clerk. |
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| Update and maintains
multiple accounting records, including those which tabulate |
| expenditures, receipts,
accounts payable and receivable, and profit and loss. Demonstrates
extensive range of |
| accounting clerical
skills and knowledge and may act as full-charge bookkeepers who maintain
more complex financial |
| books. May act as
supervisor over other accounting clerks and lead clerical human
resource. |
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| Bookkeeping,
Accounting, and Auditing Clerks compute, classify, and record numerical
data to keep financial records |
| complete. Perform any
combination of routine calculating, posting, and verifying duties to
obtain primary financial |
| data for use in
maintaining accounting records. May also check the accuracy of figures,
calculations, and postings |
| pertaining to business
transactions recorded by other workers. |
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| Planners develop
long-term and short-term plans to use land for the growth and
revitalization of urban, suburban, |
| and rural communities,
while helping local officials make decisions concerning social, economic,
and environmental |
| problems. Because local
governments employ the majority of urban and regional planners, they often
are referred to |
| as community, regional,
or city planners. |
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| Financial Analysts
conduct quantitative analyses of information affecting investment programs
of public or private |
| institutions. Financial
analysts, also called securities analysts and investment analysts, work
for banks, |
| insurance companies,
mutual and pension funds, securities firms, and other businesses, helping
these companies or |
| their clients make
investment decisions. Financial analysts read company financial statements
and analyze commodity |
| prices, sales, costs,
expenses, and tax rates in order to determine a companyĘs value and
project future earnings. |
| They often meet with
company officials to gain a better insight into a companyĘs prospects and
to determine the |
| companyĘs managerial
effectiveness. Usually, financial analysts study an entire industry,
assessing current trends |
| in business practices,
products, and industry competition. |
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| Financial Examiners
enforce or ensure compliance with laws and regulations governing financial
and securities |
| institutions and
financial and real estate transactions. May examine, verify correctness
of, or establish |
| authenticity of
records. |
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| Financial Specialists
analyze financial data, compile reports and prepare recommendations to
management. Financial |
| Specialists develop
business plans and forecasts budget comparisons, profit analysis, and
other financial reports. |
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| Personal financial
advisors generally assess the financial needs of individuals, |
| providing them a wide
range of options. Personal financial advisors, also called financial
planners or financial |
| consultants, use their
knowledge of investments, tax laws, and insurance to recommend financial
options to |
| individuals in
accordance with their short-term and long-term goals. Some of the issues
that planners address are |
| retirement and estate
planning, funding for college, and general investment options. While most
planners offer |
| advice on a wide range
of topics, some specialize in areas such as retirement and estate planning
or risk |
| management. |
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| Credit Analysts analyze
current credit data and financial statements of individuals or firms to
determine the |
| degree of risk involved
in extending credit or lending money. Prepare reports with this credit
information for use |
| in decision-making.
Credit Analysts investigate credit records and related data. Credit
Analysts conducts initial |
| research, gathers
pertinent information, and analyze results. They recommend financial
decision based upon |
| findings. Credit
Analysts may initiate loan documents or organize supporting
data. |
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| Credit Authorizers,
Checkers, and Clerks authorize credit charges against customers' accounts.
Investigate history |
| and credit standing of
individuals or business establishments applying for credit. May interview
applicants to |
| obtain personal and
financial data; determine credit worthiness; process applications; and
notify customers of |
| acceptance or rejection
of credit. |
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| Loan Counselors provide
guidance to prospective loan applicants who have problems qualifying for
traditional loans. |
| Guidance may include
determining the best type of loan and explaining loan requirements or
restrictions. |
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| Loan Officers evaluate,
authorize, or recommend approval of commercial, real estate, or credit
loans. Advise |
| borrowers on financial
status and methods of payments. Include mortgage loan officers and agents,
collection |
| analysts, loan
servicing officers, and loan underwriters |
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| Senior Credit Analysts
research and examine credit risks, assessing credit history, and approving
or disapproving |
| credit. May work with
accounts receivable department. Senior Credit Analysts are familiar with
credit concepts, |
| practices, and
procedures. Senior Credit Analyst rely on experience and judgment to
accomplish goals. Senior Credit |
| Analysts may report to
an executive or a manager. |
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| Procurement clerks
compile requests for materials, prepare purchase orders, keep |
| track of purchases and
supplies, and handle inquiries about orders. Usually called purchasing
clerks or purchasing |
| technicians, they
perform a variety of tasks related to the ordering of goods and supplies
for an organization and |
| make sure that what was
purchased arrives on schedule and meets the purchaserĘs
specifications. |
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| Purchasing Agents,
Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products purchase machinery, equipment,
tools, parts, |
| supplies, or services
necessary for the operation of an establishment. Purchase raw or
semi-finished materials for |
| manufacturing. Include
contract specialists, field contractors, purchasers, price analysts,
tooling coordinators, |
| and media
buyers. |
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| Appraisers and
Assessors of Real Estate appraise real property to determine its fair
value. May assess taxes in |
| accordance with
prescribed schedules. |
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| Real Estate Brokers are
independent businesspeople who sell real estate owned by |
| others; they also may
rent or manage properties for a fee. When selling real estate, brokers
arrange for title |
| searches and for
meetings between buyers and sellers wherein details of the transactions
are agreed upon and the |
| new owners take
possession of the property. Brokers supervise agents who may have many of
the same job duties. |
| Brokers also manage
their own offices, advertise properties, and handle other business
matters. Some combine other |
| types of work, such as
selling insurance or practicing law, with their real estate
business. |
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| Real estate agents
usually are independent sales workers who provide their services to a
licensed real estate |
| broker on a contract
basis. In return, the broker pays the agent a portion of the commission
earned from the |
| agentĘs sale of the
property. Most sales agents sell residential property. A small number,
usually employed in |
| large or specialized
firms, sell commercial, industrial, agricultural, or other types of real
estate. Every |
| specialty requires
knowledge of that particular type of property and clientele. Selling or
leasing business |
| property requires an
understanding of leasing practices, business trends, and the location of
the property. Agents |
| who sell or lease
industrial properties must know about the regionĘs transportation,
utilities, and labor supply. |
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| Title Examiners,
Abstractors, and Searchers search real estate records, examine titles, or
summarize pertinent |
| legal or insurance
details for a variety of purposes. May compile lists of mortgages,
contracts, and other |
| instruments pertaining
to titles by searching public and private records for law firms, real
estate agencies, or |
| title insurance
companies. |
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| Assessors appraise real
and personal property to determine its fair value. May assess taxes in
accordance with |
| prescribed
schedules |
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| Tax Examiners,
Collectors, and Revenue Agents determine tax liability or
collect |
| taxes from individuals
or business firms according to prescribed laws and
regulations. |
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| Tax Preparers
prepare tax returns for individuals or small businesses but do
not |
| have the
background or responsibilities of an accredited or certified public
accountant. |
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