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| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Architects, Except
Landscape and Naval plan and design structures, such as private
residences, office buildings, |
| theaters, factories,
and other structural property. Architects provide professional services to
individuals and |
| organizations planning
a construction project. They may be involved in all phases of development,
from the initial |
| discussion with the
client through the entire construction process. Their duties require
specific skillsùdesigning, |
| engineering, managing,
supervising, and communicating with clients and builders. Architects spend
a great deal of |
| time explaining their
ideas to clients, construction contractors, and others. Successful
architects must be able to |
| communicate their
unique vision persuasively. |
|
|
|
|
| Landscape architects
work for many types of organizations from real estate development firms
starting new projects |
| to municipalities
constructing airports or parks and they often are involved with the
development of a site from |
| its conception. Working
with architects, surveyors, and engineers, landscape architects help
determine the best |
| arrangement of roads
and buildings. They also collaborate with environmental scientists,
foresters, and other |
| professionals to find
the best way to conserve or restore natural resources. Once these
decisions are made, |
| landscape architects
create detailed plans indicating new topography, vegetation, walkways, and
other landscaping |
| details, such as
fountains and decorative features.After studying and analyzing the site,
landscape architects |
| prepare a preliminary
design. To account for the needs of the client as well as the conditions
at the site, they |
| frequently make changes
before a final design is approved. They also take into account any local,
State, or Federal |
| regulations, such as
those protecting wetlands or historic resources |
|
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| |
|
|
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| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Biochemists study the
chemical composition of living things. They analyze the complex chemical
combinations and |
| reactions involved in
metabolism, reproduction, growth, and heredity. Biochemists and molecular
biologists do most |
| of their work in the
field of biotechnology, which involves understanding the complex chemistry
of life. |
| Biophysicists study the
application of principles of physics, such as electrical and mechanical
energy and related |
| phenomena, to living
cells and organisms. |
|
|
|
|
| Biological Technicians
assist biological and medical scientists in laboratories. |
| They set up, operate,
and maintain laboratory instruments and equipment, monitor experiments,
make observations, |
| and calculate and
record results. May analyze organic substances, such as blood, food, and
drugs. |
|
|
|
|
| Chemists and materials
scientists search for and use new knowledge about chemicals. Chemical
research has led to |
| the discovery and
development of new and improved synthetic fibers, paints, adhesives,
drugs, cosmetics, electronic |
| components, lubricants,
and thousands of other products. Chemists and materials scientists also
develop processes |
| that save energy and
reduce pollution, such as improved oil refining and petrochemical
processing methods. Research |
| on the chemistry of
living things spurs advances in medicine, agriculture, food processing,
and other fields. |
|
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| |
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| |
|
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|
|
|
| Architectural drafters
draw architectural and structural features of buildings and other
structures. These workers |
| may specialize in a
type of structure, such as residential or commercial, or in a kind of
material used, such as |
| reinforced concrete,
masonry, steel, or timber. Civil drafters prepare drawings and
topographical and relief maps |
| used in major
construction or civil engineering projects, such as highways, bridges,
pipelines, flood control |
| projects, and water and
sewage systems. |
|
|
|
|
| Drafter I prepares
drawings of simple, easily visualized structures, systems, parts or
equipment from sketches or |
| marked-up prints.
Selects appropriate templates or uses a compass and other equipment needed
to complete |
| assignments. Drawings
fit familiar patterns and present few technical problems. Supervisor
provides detailed |
| instructions on new
assignments, gives guidance when questions arise, and reviews completed
work for accuracy. |
| Traditionally, drafters
sat at drawing boards and used pencils, pens, compasses, protractors,
triangles, and other |
| drafting devices to
prepare a drawing manually. Most drafters now use computer-aided design
and drafting (CADD) |
| systems to prepare
drawing. |
|
|
|
|
| Drafter II prepares
various drawings of such units as construction projects or parts and
assemblies, including |
| various views,
sectional profiles, irregular or reverse curves, hidden lines, and small
or intricate details. Work |
| requires use of most of
the conventional drafting techniques and a working knowledge of the terms
and procedures of |
| the occupation. Makes
arithmetic computations using standard formulas. Familiar or recurring
work is assigned in |
| general terms.
Unfamiliar assignments include information on methods, procedures, sources
of information, and |
| precedents to follow.
Simple revisions to existing drawings may be assigned with a verbal
explanation of the |
| desired results. More
complex revisions are produced from sketches or specifications which
clearly depict the |
| desired
product.Traditionally, drafters sat at drawing boards and used pencils,
pens, compasses, protractors, |
| triangles, and other
drafting devices to prepare a drawing manually. Most drafters now use
computer-aided design |
| and drafting (CADD)
systems to prepare drawing. |
|
|
|
|
| Drafter III prepares
complete sets of complex drawings which include multiple views, detail
drawings, and assembly |
| drawings. Drawings
include complex design features that require considerable drafting skill
to visualize and |
| portray. Assignments
regularly require the use of mathematical formulas to draw land contours
or to compute |
| weights, center of
gravity, load capacities, dimensions, quantities of material, etc. Works
from sketches, models, |
| and verbal information
supplied by an engineer, architect, or designer to determine the most
appropriate views, |
| detail drawings, and
supplementary information needed to complete assignments. Selects required
information from |
| precedents,
manufacturersÆ catalogs, and technical guides. Independently resolves most
of the problems |
| encountered. Supervisor
or design originator may suggest methods of approach or provide advice on
unusually |
| difficult
problems.Traditionally, drafters sat at drawing boards and used pencils,
pens, compasses, protractors, |
| triangles, and other
drafting devices to prepare a drawing manually. Most drafters now use
computer-aided design |
| and drafting (CADD)
systems to prepare drawing. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Drafter IV works
closely with design originators, preparing drawings of
unusual, |
| complex, or original
designs which require a high degree of precision. Performs unusually
difficult |
| assignmentsrequiring
considerable initiative, resourcefulness, and drafting expertise. Assures
that anticipated |
| problems in
manufacture, assembly, installation, and operation are resolved by the
drawings produced. Exercises |
| independent judgment in
selecting and interpreting data based on a knowledge of the design intent.
Although working |
| primarily as a drafter,
may occasionally interpret general designs prepared by others to complete
minor details. |
| May provide advice and
guidance to lower level drafters or serve as coordinator and planner for
large and complex |
| drafting projects.
Traditionally, drafters sat at drawing boards and used pencils, pens,
compasses, protractors, |
| triangles, and other
drafting devices to prepare a drawing manually. Most drafters now use
computer-aided design |
| and drafting (CADD)
systems to prepare drawing. |
|
|
|
|
| Electrical drafters
prepare wiring and layout diagrams used by workers who erect, install, and
repair electrical |
| equipment and wiring in
communication centers, powerplants, electrical distribution systems, and
buildings. |
| Electronics drafters
draw wiring diagrams, circuit board assembly diagrams, schematics, and
layout drawings used in |
| the manufacture,
installation, and repair of electronic devices and
components. |
|
|
|
|
| Mechanical drafters
prepare detail and assembly drawings of a wide variety of machinery and
mechanical devices, |
| indicating dimensions,
fastening methods, and other requirements. |
|
|
|
|
| Traditional land
surveyors establish official land, air space, and water boundaries. They
write descriptions of |
| land for deeds, leases,
and other legal documents; define airspace for airports; and measure
construction and |
| mineral sites. Other
surveyors provide data relevant to the shape, contour, location,
elevation, or dimension of |
| land or land features.
Cartographers compile geographic, political, and cultural information and
prepare maps of |
| large areas.
Photogrammetrists measure and analyze aerial photographs that are
subsequently used to prepare |
| detailed maps and
drawings. Surveying technicians assist land surveyors by operating survey
instruments and |
| collecting information
in the field and by performing computations and computer-aided drafting in
offices. Mapping |
| technicians calculate
mapmaking information from field notes. They also draw topographical maps
and verify their |
| accuracy. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Agricultural engineers
apply knowledge of engineering technology and biological science to
agriculture. They design |
| agricultural machinery
and equipment and agricultural structures. Some specialties include power
systems and |
| machinery design;
structures and environment; and food and bioprocess engineering. They
develop ways to conserve |
| soil and water and to
improve the processing of agricultural products. Agricultural engineers
work in research and |
| development,
production, sales, or management. |
|
|
|
|
| By combining biology
and medicine with engineering, biomedical engineers develop |
| devices and procedures
that solve medical and health-related problems. Many do research, along
with life |
| scientists, chemists,
and medical scientists, to develop and evaluate systems and products for
use in the fields of |
| biology and health,
such as artificial organs, prostheses (artificial devices that replace
missing body parts), |
| instrumentation,
medical information systems, and health management and care delivery
systems. (See biological |
| scientists, medical
scientists, and chemists and materials scientists elsewhere in the
Handbook.) Biomedical |
| engineers design
devices used in various medical procedures, such as the computers used to
analyze blood or the |
| laser systems used in
corrective eye surgery. They develop artificial organs, imaging systems
such as magnetic |
| resonance, ultrasound,
and x-ray, and devices for automating insulin injections or controlling
body functions. Most |
| engineers in this
specialty require a sound background in one of the basic engineering
specialties, such as |
| mechanical or
electronics engineering, in addition to specialized biomedical training.
Some specialties within |
| biomedical engineering
include biomaterials, biomechanics, medical imaging, rehabilitation
engineering, and |
| rthopedic engineering.
Unlike many other engineering specialties, a graduate degree is
recommended or required for |
| many entry-level
jobs. |
|
|
|
|
| Chemical engineers
build a bridge between science and manufacturing, applying the principles
of chemistry and |
| engineering to solve
problems involving the production or use of chemicals. They design
equipment and develop |
| processes for
large-scale chemical manufacturing, plan and test methods of manufacturing
products and treating |
| byproducts, and
supervise production. Chemical engineers also work in a variety of
manufacturing industries other |
| than chemical
manufacturing, such as those producing electronics, photographic
equipment, clothing, and pulp and |
| paper. They also work
in the healthcare, biotechnology, and business services
industries. |
|
|
|
|
| Civil engineers design
and supervise the construction of roads, buildings, airports, tunnels,
dams, bridges, and |
| water supply and sewage
systems. Civil engineering, considered one of the oldest engineering
disciplines, |
| encompasses many
specialties. The major specialties within civil engineering are
structural, water resources, |
| environmental,
construction, transportation, and geotechnical engineering. Many civil
engineers hold supervisory |
| or administrative
positions, from supervisor of a construction site to city engineer. Others
may work in design, |
| construction, research,
and teaching. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Computer hardware
engineers research, design, develop, and test computer hardware and
supervise its manufacture and |
| installation. Hardware
refers to computer chips, circuit boards, computer systems, and related
equipment such as |
| keyboards, modems, and
printers. The work of computer hardware engineers is very similar to that
of electronics |
| engineers, but, unlike
electronics engineers, computer hardware engineers work exclusively with
computers and |
| computer-related
equipment. In addition to design and development duties, computer hardware
engineers may supervise |
| the manufacture and
installation of computers and computer-related equipment. The rapid
advances in computer |
| technology are largely
a result of the research, development, and design efforts of computer
hardware engineers. To |
| keep up with
technological advances, these engineers must continually update their
knowledge. |
|
|
|
|
| Electrical and
electronics engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacture
of electrical and |
| electronic equipment.
Some of this equipment includes broadcast and communications systems;
electric motors, |
| machinery controls,
lighting, and wiring in buildings, automobiles, aircraft, and radar and
navigation systems; and |
| power generating,
controlling, and transmission devices used by electric utilities.
Electrical and electronics |
| engineers specialize in
different areas such as power generation, transmission, and distribution;
communications; |
| and electrical
equipment manufacturing, or a specialty within one of these
areasùindustrial robot control systems |
| or aviation
electronics, for example. Electrical and electronics engineers design new
products, write performance |
| requirements, and
develop maintenance schedules. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineer 1 as
entry-level engineers perform assignments designed to develop professional
work knowledge and |
| abilities. May also
receive formal classroom or seminartype training. Works under close
supervision. Receives |
| specific and detailed
instructions as to required tasks and results expected. Work is checked
during progress and |
| is reviewed for
accuracy upon completion. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineer II performs
routine engineering work requiring application of standard techniques,
procedures, and |
| criteria in carrying
out a sequence of related engineering tasks. Limited exercise of judgment
is required on |
| details of work and in
making preliminary selections and adaptations of engineering alternatives.
Requires work |
| experience acquired in
an entry-level position, or appropriate graduate-level study. For training
and developmental |
| purposes, assignments
may include some work that is typical of a higher level. Supervisor
screens assignments for |
| unusual or difficult
problems and selects techniques and procedures to be applied on
non-routine work. Receives |
| close supervision on
new aspects of assignments. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineer III
independently evaluates, selects, and applies standard engineering
techniques, procedures, and |
| criteria, using
judgment in making minor adaptations and modifications. Assignments have
clear and specified |
| objectives and require
the investigation of a limited number of variables. Performance at this
level requires |
| developmental
experience in a professional position, or equivalent graduate-level
education. Direction received: |
| Receives instructions
on specific assignment objectives, complex features, and possible
solutions. Assistance is |
| furnished on unusual
problems and work is reviewed for application of sound professional
judgment. Performs work |
| which involves
conventional types of plans, investigations, surveys, structures, or
equipment with relatively few |
| complex features for
which there are precedents. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Engineer IV being
knowledgeable in all conventional aspects of the subject matter or the
functional area of the |
| assignments, plans and
conducts work requiring judgment in the independent evaluation, selection,
and substantial |
| adaptation and
modification of standard techniques, procedures, and criteria. Devises new
approaches to problems |
| encountered. Requires
sufficient professional experience to assure competence as a fully trained
worker; or, for |
| positions primarily of
a research nature, completion of all requirements for a doctoral degree
may be substituted |
| for experience.
Direction received: Independently performs most assignments with
instructions as to the general |
| results expected.
Receives technical guidance on unusual or complex problems and supervisory
approval on proposed |
| plans for projects.
Typical duties and responsibilities: Plans, schedules, conducts, or
coordinates detailed |
| phases of the
engineering work in a part of a major project or in a total project of
moderate scope. Performs work |
| which involves
conventional engineering practice but may include a variety of complex
features such as conflicting |
| design requirements,
unsuitability of standard materials, and difficult coordination
requirements. Work requires a |
| broad knowledge of
precedents in the specialty area and a good knowledge of principles and
practices of related |
| specialties.
Responsibility for the direction of others: May supervise a few engineers
or technicians on assigned |
| work. |
|
|
|
|
| Using the principles of
biology and chemistry, environmental engineers develop solutions to
environmental problems. |
| They are involved in
water and air pollution control, recycling, waste disposal, and public
health issues. |
| Environmental engineers
conduct hazardous-waste management studies in which they evaluate the
significance of the |
| hazard, offer analysis
on treatment and containment, and develop regulations to prevent mishaps.
They design |
| municipal water supply
and industrial wastewater treatment systems. They conduct research on
proposed environmental |
| projects, analyze
scientific data, and perform quality control checks. Environmental
engineers are concerned with |
| local and worldwide
environmental issues. They study and attempt to minimize the effects of
acid rain, global |
| warming, automobile
emissions, and ozone depletion. They also are involved in the protection
of wildlife. |
|
|
|
|
| Industrial engineers
determine the most effective ways to use the basic factors of
productionùpeople, machines, |
| materials, information,
and energyùto make a product or to provide a service. They are the bridge
between |
| management goals and
operational performance. They are more concerned with increasing
productivity through the |
| management of people,
methods of business organization, and technology than are engineers in
other specialties, who |
| generally work more
with products or processes. Although most industrial engineers work in
manufacturing |
| industries, they may
also work in consulting services, healthcare, and
communications. |
|
|
|
|
| Mechanical engineers
research, develop, design, manufacture, and test tools, engines, machines,
and other |
| mechanical devices.
They work on power-producing machines such as electric generators,
internal combustion engines, |
| and steam and gas
turbines. They also develop power-using machines such as refrigeration and
air-conditioning |
| equipment, machine
tools, material handling systems, elevators and escalators, industrial
production equipment, and |
| robots used in
manufacturing. Mechanical engineers also design tools that other engineers
need for their work. The |
| field of
nanotechnology, which involves the creation of high-performance materials
and components by integrating |
| atoms and molecules, is
introducing entirely new principles to the design process. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Mining and geological
engineers find, extract, and prepare coal, metals, and minerals for use by
manufacturing |
| industries and
utilities. They design open pit and underground mines, often using
computers; supervise the |
| construction of mine
shafts and tunnels in underground operations; and devise methods for
transporting minerals to |
| processing plants.
Mining engineers are responsible for the safe, economical, and
environmentally sound operation |
| of mines. Some mining
engineers work with geologists and metallurgical engineers to locate and
appraise new ore |
| deposits. Others
develop new mining equipment or direct mineral processing operations to
separate minerals from the |
| dirt, rock, and other
materials with which they are mixed. Mining engineers frequently
specialize in the mining of |
| one mineral or metal,
such as coal or gold. With increased emphasis on protecting the
environment, many mining |
| engineers work to solve
problems related to land reclamation and water and air
pollution. |
|
|
|
|
| Nuclear Engineers
conduct research on nuclear engineering problems or apply principles and
theory of nuclear |
| science to problems
concerned with release, control, and utilization of nuclear energy and
nuclear waste disposal. |
| Nuclear engineers
research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to
derive benefits from nuclear |
| energy and radiation.
They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate
power. They may |
| work on the nuclear
fuel cycleùthe production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe
disposal of waste |
| produced by the
generation of nuclear energyùor on the production of fusion energy. Some
specialize in the |
| development of nuclear
power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for
radioactive |
| materials, such as
equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. |
|
|
|
|
| Petroleum engineers
work with geologists and other specialists to understand the |
| geologic formation and
properties of the rock containing the reservoir, determine the drilling
methods to be used, |
| and monitor drilling
and production operations. They design equipment and processes to achieve
the maximum |
| profitable recovery of
oil and gas. Petroleum engineers rely heavily on computer models to
simulate reservoir |
| performance using
different recovery techniques. They also use computer models for
simulations of the effects of |
| various drilling
options. |
|
|
|
|
| Health and Safety
Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors promote worksite
or product safety by |
| applying knowledge of
industrial processes, mechanics, chemistry, psychology, and industrial
health and safety |
| laws. Include
industrial product safety engineers. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Aerospace engineering
and operations technicians install, construct, maintain, and test systems
used to test, |
| launch, or track
aircraft and space vehicles. They may calibrate test equipment and
determine causes of equipment |
| malfunctions. Using
computer and communications systems, aerospace engineering and operations
technicians often |
| record and interpret
test data. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician,
Civil I performs simple, routine tasks under close supervision or from
detailed procedures. |
| Work is checked in
progress and on completion. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician,
Civil II performs standard or prescribed assignments involving a sequence
of related |
| operations. Follows
standard work methods and receives detailed instructions on unfamiliar
assignments. Technical |
| adequacy of routine
work is assessed upon completion; non-routine work is reviewed in
progress. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician,
Civil III performs assignments which include nonstandard |
| applications, analyses
or tests; or the use of complex instruments. Selects or adapts standard
procedures using |
| fully applicable
precedents. Receives initial instructions, requirements and advice as
needed; performs recurring |
| work independently.
Work is reviewed for technical adequacy and conformance with
instructions. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician,
Civil IV plans and performs non-routine assignments of substantial variety
and complexity. |
| Selects appropriate
guidelines to resolve problems which are not fully covered by precedents.
Performs recurring |
| work independently,
receiving technical advice as needed. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician,
Civil V performs non-routine and complex assignments involving
responsibility for planning |
| and conducting a
complete project of limited scope or a portion of a larger, more complex
project. Selects and |
| adapts techniques,
designs, or layouts. Reviews, analyzes and interprets the technical work
of others. Completed |
| work is reviewed for
technical adequacy. Recommendations for major changes or costly
alterations to basic designs |
| are approved by
supervisor. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician,
Civil VI independently plans and accomplishes complete conventional
projects or serves as |
| an expert in a narrow
aspect of a civil engineering field. Applies creativity and judgment to
plan projects, |
| resolve design
problems, and adapt equipment, procedures, or techniques. Recommendations,
plans, designs, and |
| reports are reviewed
for general adequacy and soundness of engineering judgment. Supervisor
provides advice on |
| unusual or
controversial problems or policy matters. May direct or train lower level
technicians. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Civil engineering
technicians help civil engineers to plan and build highways, buildings,
bridges, dams, |
| wastewater treatment
systems, and other structures, and to do related research. Some estimate
construction costs |
| and specify materials
to be used, and some may even prepare drawings or perform land-surveying
duties. Others may |
| set up and monitor
instruments used to study traffic conditions. |
|
|
|
|
| Electromechanical
engineering technicians combine fundamental principles of mechanical
engineering technology with |
| knowledge of electrical
and electronic circuits to design, develop, test, and manufacture
electrical and |
| computer-controlled
mechanical systems. |
|
|
|
|
| Electrical and
electronics engineering technicians help to design, develop, test, and
manufacture electrical and |
| electronic equipment
such as communication equipment, radar, industrial and medical measuring
or control devices, |
| navigational equipment,
and computers. They may work in product evaluation and testing, using
measuring and |
| diagnostic devices to
adjust, test, and repair equipment. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician
I performs simple routine tasks under close supervision or from detailed
procedures. Work is |
| checked in progress or
on completion. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician
II performs standardized or prescribed assignments involving a sequence of
related |
| operations. Follows
standard work methods on recurring assignments but receives explicit
instructions on unfamiliar |
| assignments. May become
familiar with the operation and design of equipment and with maintenance
procedures and |
| standards. Technical
adequacy of routine work is reviewed on completion; non-routine work may
also be reviewed in |
| pro gress. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician
III prforms assignments that are not completely standardized or
prescribed. Selects or |
| adapts standard
procedures or equipment, using precedents that are not fully applicable.
Receives initial |
| instruction, equipment
requirements, and advice from supervisor or engineer as needed; performs
recurring work |
| independently; work is
reviewed for technical adequacy or conformity with
instructions. |
|
|
|
|
| Engineering Technician
IV performs non-routine assignments of substantial variety and complexity,
using operational |
| precedents which are
not fully applicable. Such assignments, which are typically parts of
broader assignments, are |
| screened to eliminate
unusual design problems. May also plan such assignments. Receives
technical advice from |
| supervisor or engineer;
work is reviewed for technical adequacy (or conformity with instructions).
May be assisted |
| by lower level
technicians and have frequent contact with professionals and others within
the establishment. |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
| Environmental
engineering technicians work closely with environmental engineers and
scientists in developing |
| methods and devices
used in the prevention, control, or correction of environmental hazards.
They inspect and |
| maintain equipment
affecting air pollution and recycling. Some inspect water and wastewater
treatment systems to |
| ensure that pollution
control requirements are met. |
|
|
|
|
| Environmental Science
and Protection Technicians, Including Health perform laboratory and field
tests to monitor |
| the environment and
investigate sources of pollution, including those that affect health.
Under direction of an |
| environmental scientist
or specialist, may collect samples of gases, soil, water, and other
materials for testing |
| and take corrective
actions as assigned. |
|
|
|
|
| Geological and
Petroleum Technicians assist scientists in the use of
electrical, |
| sonic, or nuclear
measuring instruments in both laboratory and production activities to
obtain data indicating |
| potential sources of
metallic ore, gas, or petroleum. Analyze mud and drill cuttings. Chart
pressure, temperature, |
| and other
characteristics of wells or bore holes. Investigate and collect
information leading to the possible |
| discovery of new oil
fields. |
|
|
|
|
| Industrial engineering
technicians study the efficient use of personnel, materials, and machines
in factories, |
| stores, repair shops,
and offices. They prepare layouts of machinery and equipment, plan the
flow of work, make |
| statistical studies,
and analyze production costs. |
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| Mechanical engineering
technicians help engineers to design, develop, test, and manufacture
industrial machinery, |
| consumer products, and
other equipment. They may assist in product testsùby setting up
instrumentation for auto |
| crash tests, for
example. They may make sketches and rough layouts, record data, make
computations, analyze |
| results, and write
reports. When planning production, mechanical engineering technicians
prepare layouts and |
| drawings of the
assembly process and of parts to be manufactured. They estimate labor
costs, equipment life, and |
| plant space. Some test
and inspect machines and equipment or work with engineers to eliminate
production problems. |
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| Traffic Technicians
conduct field studies to determine traffic volume, speed, effectiveness of
signals, adequacy of |
| lighting, and other
factors influencing traffic conditions, under direction of traffic
engineer. |
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| Marine Engineers and
Naval Architects design, develop, and evaluate the operation of marine
vessels, ship |
| machinery, and related
equipment, such as power supply and propulsion systems. |
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| Mathematicians use
mathematical theory, computational techniques, algorithms, and the latest
computer technology to |
| solve economic,
scientific, engineering, physics, and business problems. The work of
mathematicians falls into two |
| broad classes ù
theoretical (pure) mathematics and applied mathematics. These classes,
however, are not sharply |
| defined, and often
overlap. |
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| Mathematical
Technicians apply standardized mathematical formulas, principles, and
methodology to technological |
| problems in engineering
and physical sciences in relation to specific industrial and research
objectives, |
| processes, equipment,
and products. |
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| Statistical Assistants
compile and compute data according to statistical formulas for use in
statistical studies. |
| May perform actuarial
computations and compile charts and graphs for use by actuaries. Include
actuarial clerks. |
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| Statisticians engage in
the development of mathematical theory or apply statistical theory and
methods to collect, |
| organize, interpret,
and summarize numerical data to provide usable information. May specialize
in fields, such as |
| bio-statistics,
agricultural statistics, business statistics, economic statistics, or
other fields. Includes |
| mathematical statisti
cians. |
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| Materials engineers are
involved in the extraction, development, processing, and |
| testing of the
materials used to create a diversity of products, from computer chips and
television screens to golf |
| clubs and snow skis.
Materials Engineers work with metals, ceramics, plastics, semiconductors,
and combinations of |
| materials called
composites to create new materials that meet certain mechanical,
electrical, and chemical |
| requirements. They also
are involved in selecting materials for new applications. |
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| Agricultural and Food
Science Technicians work with agricultural scientists in food, fiber, and
animal research, |
| production, and
processing; assist with animal breeding and nutrition work; under
supervision, conduct tests and |
| experiments to improve
yield and quality of crops or to increase the resistance of plants and
animals to disease or |
| insects. Include
technicians who assist food scientists or food technologists in the
research, development, |
| production technology,
quality control, packaging, processing, and use of foods. |
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| Agricultural scientists
study farm crops and animals, and develop ways of improving their quantity
and quality. |
| They look for ways to
improve crop yield with less labor, control pests and weeds more safely
and effectively, and |
| conserve soil and
water. They research methods of converting raw agricultural commodities
into attractive and |
| healthy food products
for consumers. |
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| Anthropologists and
Archeologists study the origin, development, and behavior of |
| humans. May study the
way of life, language, or physical characteristics of existing people in
various parts of the |
| world. May engage in
systematic recovery and examination of material evidence, such as tools or
pottery remaining |
| from past human
cultures, in order to determine the history, customs, and living habits of
earlier civilizations. |
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| Astronomers use the
principles of physics and mathematics to learn about the fundamental
nature of the universe, |
| including the sun,
moon, planets, stars, and galaxies. They also apply their knowledge to
solve problems in |
| navigation, space
flight, and satellite communications, and to develop the instrumentation
and techniques used to |
| observe and collect
astronomical data. |
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| Atmospheric and Space
Scientists investigate atmospheric phenomena and interpret |
| meteorological data
gathered by surface and air stations, satellites, and radar to prepare
reports and forecasts |
| for public and other
uses. Include weather analysts and forecasters who work for radio and TV
stations and whose |
| functions require the
detailed knowledge of a meteorologist. |
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| Computer and
Information Scientists, Research conduct research into fundamental
computer and information science as |
| theorists, designers,
or inventors. Solve or develop solutions to problems in the field of
computer hardware and |
| software. |
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| Economists study how
society distributes scarce resources such as land, labor, raw materials,
and machinery to |
| produce goods and
services. They conduct research, collect and analyze data, monitor
economic trends, and develop |
| forecasts. They
research issues such as energy costs, inflation, interest rates, exchange
rates, business cycles, |
| taxes, or employment
levels. Economists devise methods and procedures for obtaining the data
they need. For |
| example, sampling
techniques may be used to conduct a survey, and various mathematical
modeling techniques may be |
| used to develop
forecasts. Preparing reports, including tables and charts, on research
results is an important part |
| of an economistÆs job.
Presenting economic and statistical concepts in a clear and meaningful way
is particularly |
| important for
economists whose research is directed toward making policies for an
organization. Some economists |
| might also provide
economic analysis to the media. |
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| Environmental
scientists conduct research to identify and abate or eliminate sources of
pollutants that affect |
| people, wildlife, and
their environments. These workers analyze and report measurements and
observations of air, |
| water, soil, and other
sources and make recommendations on how best to clean and preserve the
environment. |
| Understanding the
issues involved in protecting the environmentùdegradation, conservation,
recycling, and |
| replenishmentùis
central to the work of environmental scientists, who often use their
skills and knowledge to |
| design and monitor
waste disposal sites, preserve water supplies, and reclaim contaminated
land and water to comply |
| with Federal
environmental regulations. |
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| Foresters manage, use,
and help protect forests and other natural resources. Foresters manage
forestlands for a |
| variety of purposes.
Foresters who work in private industry acquire timber from private
landowners. To do this, |
| they contact local
forest owners to gain permission to inventory their timber. They check the
type, amount, and |
| location of all
standing timber on the property. Foresters who work for state and federal
governments manage public |
| forests and parks.
Managing public forests involves a number of possible duties. For example,
foresters may plan |
| and carry out
conservation programs. They may plan ways to control floods or fires. They
may fight forest fires or |
| direct other workers as
they fight them. |
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| Historians research,
analyze, record, and interpret the past as recorded in sources, such as
government and |
| institutional records,
newspapers and other periodicals, photographs, interviews, films, and
unpublished |
| manuscripts, such as
personal diaries and letters. |
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| Hydrologists study the
quantity, distribution, circulation, and physical properties of
underground and surface |
| waters. They examine
the form and intensity of precipitation, its rate of infiltration into the
soil, its movement |
| through the earth, and
its return to the ocean and atmosphere. The work hydrologists do is
particularly important |
| in environmental
preservation, remediation, and flood control. |
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| Physicists explore and
identify basic principles governing the structure and behavior of matter,
the generation and |
| transfer of energy, and
the interaction of matter and energy. Some physicists use these principles
in theoretical |
| areas, such as the
nature of time and the origin of the universe; others apply their physics
knowledge to practical |
| areas, such as the
development of advanced materials, electronic and optical devices, and
medical equipment. |
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| Political Scientists
study the origin, development, and operation of political systems.
Research a wide range of |
| subjects, such as
relations between the United States and foreign countries, the beliefs and
institutions of |
| foreign nations, or the
politics of small towns or a major metropolis. May study topics, such as
public opinion, |
| political decision
making, and ideology. May analyze the structure and operation of
governments, as well as various |
| political entities. May
conduct public opinion surveys, analyze election results, or analyze
public documents. |
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| Sociologists study
society and social behavior by examining the groups and social
institutions people form, as |
| well as various social,
religious, political, and business organizations. They also study the
behavior of, and |
| interaction among,
groups, trace their origin and growth, and analyze the influence of group
activities on |
| individual members.
Sociologists are concerned with the characteristics of social groups,
organizations, and |
| institutions; the ways
individuals are affected by each other and by the groups to which they
belong; and the |
| effect of social traits
such as sex, age, or race on a personÆs daily life. The results of
sociological research |
| aid educators,
lawmakers, administrators, and others interested in resolving social
problems and formulating public |
| policy. |
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| Survey researchers
design and conduct surveys for a variety of clients such as corporations,
government agencies, |
| political candidates,
and service providers. They use surveys to collect information that is
used for research, |
| making fiscal or policy
decisions, measuring policy effectiveness, and improving customer
satisfaction. Analysts |
| may conduct opinion
research to determine public attitudes on various issues, which may help
political or business |
| leaders and others
assess public support for their electoral prospects or social policies.
Like market research |
| analysts, survey
researchers may use a variety of mediums to conduct surveys, such as the
Internet, personal or |
| telephone interviews,
or mail questionnaires. They also may supervise interviewers who conduct
surveys in person or |
| over the
telephone. |
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| Surveyors make exact
measurements and determine property boundaries. Provide data relevant to
the shape, contour, |
| gravitation, location,
elevation, or dimension of land or land features on or near the earth's
surface for |
| engineering, mapmaking,
mining, land evaluation, construction, and other purposes. |
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| Zoologists and wildlife
biologists study animals and wildlifeùtheir origin, behavior, diseases,
and life processes. |
| Some experiment with
live animals in controlled or natural surroundings, while others dissect
dead animals in order |
| to study their
structure. They also may collect and analyze biological data to determine
the environmental effects |
| of current and
potential use of land and water areas. Zoologists usually are identified
by the animal group |
| studiedùornithologists
(birds), mammalogists (mammals), herpetologists (reptiles), and
ichthyologists (fish). |
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| Epidemiologists can be
separated into two groups, research and clinical. Research epidemiologists
conduct basic and |
| advanced research on
infectious diseases that affect the entire body, such as AIDS or
typhusùattempting to |
| eradicate or control
these diseases. Others may focus only on localized infections of the
brain, lungs, or |
| digestive tract, for
example. Research epidemiologists work at colleges and universities,
schools of public health, |
| medical schools, and
research and development services firms. Clinical epidemiologists work
primarily in |
| consulting roles at
hospitals, informing the medical staff of infectious outbreaks and
providing containment |
| solutions. These
clinical epidemiologists sometimes are referred to as infection control
professionals. |
| Consequently, many
epidemiologists in this specific area often are physicians. |
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| Medical scientists
study biological systems to understand the causes of disease and other
health problems and to |
| develop treatments.
They try to identify changes in a cell or chromosomes that signal the
development of medical |
| problems, such as
different types of cancer. For example, a medical scientist involved in
cancer research may |
| formulate a combination
of drugs that will lessen the effects of the disease. Medical scientists
who are also |
| physicians can
administer these drugs to patients in clinical trials, monitor their
reactions, and observe the |
| results. Those who are
not physicians normally collaborate with a physician who deals directly
with patients. |
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| Microbiologists
investigate the growth and characteristics of microscopic organisms such
as bacteria, algae, or |
| fungi. Most
microbiologists specialize in environmental, food, agricultural, or
industrial microbiology; virology |
| (the study of viruses);
or immunology (the study of mechanisms that fight infections). Many
microbiologists use |
| biotechnology to
advance knowledge of cell reproduction and human disease. |
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| Materials scientists
research and study the structures and chemical properties of various
materials to develop new |
| products or enhance
existing ones. They also determine ways to strengthen or combine materials
or develop new |
| materials for use in a
variety of products. Materials science encompasses the natural and
synthetic materials used |
| in a wide range of
products and structures, from airplanes, cars, and bridges to clothing and
household goods. |
| Companies whose
products are made of metals, ceramics, and rubber employ most materials
scientists. Other |
| applications of
materials science include studies of superconducting materials, graphite
materials, |
| integrated-circuit
chips, and fuel cells. Materials scientists, applying chemistry and
physics, study all aspects |
| of these materials.
Chemistry plays an increasingly dominant role in materials science,
because it provides |
| information about the
structure and composition of materials. Materials scientists often
specialize in specific |
| areas such as ceramics
or metals. |
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